Optimizing heating and cooling in buildings is essential for creating comfortable, energy-efficient, and sustainable spaces. It involves designing systems and strategies that regulate indoor temperatures effectively across different seasons. By minimizing reliance on mechanical systems, this approach reduces energy consumption, operational costs, and environmental impact. The House in Mukteshwar, Uttarakhand, in collaboration with Habitat Tectonics Architecture & Urbanism (HTAU), focused on optimizing heating and cooling requirements.

The project began with a detailed climate analysis and base modelling using Rhino and Grasshopper. It enabled an understanding of thermal behaviour and identify key design interventions. Given the predominantly cold climate of Mukteshwar, a balance of passive and active strategies was essential. The passive strategies involved enhanced insulation for walls and windows. This reduced heat loss during winters. Shading devices were designed to block summer heat. They also permitted beneficial winter sunlight. Ventilation pathways were optimized to promote cross-ventilation. Thermal mass materials were incorporated to naturally stabilize indoor temperatures.

The design process began with an in-depth analysis of the site’s cold climatic patterns and solar exposure. Window design played a crucial role in the overall thermal performance. Windows with perforated panels were considered for the living room to reduce direct heat gain. In the studio, additional windows were installed to enhance ventilation. The switch from double-glazed units (DGUs) to single-glass windows during winter was discussed, highlighting potential thermal performance concerns. For winter, the optimized design allowed the house to rely on a single mechanical heating system. This eliminated the need for separate cooling and heating systems, reducing both installation and operational costs.

Active strategies rely on mechanical systems like heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) to control indoor climates. These systems offer flexibility in managing temperature variations. However, they can be energy-intensive and expensive to operate. For this project, a hybrid HVAC system was adopted. It utilized a heat pump combined with a Yunca wood-powered heater. This approach provided backup heating in case of power outages. Passive strategies, combined with the HVAC system and solar power, reduced the net-Energy Performance Index (EPI).

The HTAU House project exemplifies how balancing active and passive strategies can create sustainable, adaptable buildings. By addressing the specific needs of each season, the design achieved year-round comfort with minimal energy input. This approach not only enhances energy efficiency but also reduces the environmental impact of buildings.